They also make a big difference in performance as your database grows. Fortunately, you can leave the theoretical stuff to the experts following a few simple rules will suffice for most needs. The essence of data normalization is just this: pull out repeating and reusable items and put them in their own, separate tables.įigure 3-2. A normalized customers table. Note that the address and phone numbers have been split into separate fields holding one item of information apiece. If your customer has two or more phone numbers, you should create distinct phone number fields in the customers table. But what if you need to record something that repeats indefinitely, such as customer orders (including customer order numbers)? If you stored them in the customers table, you’d have to create fields such as Cust_Order1, Cust_Order2, Cust_Order3, and so on, ad infinitum. The obvious problem here is that you don’t know how many orders you’ll need to provide fields for. This clearly indicates that you need to create a separate table just for orders. In a properly designed database, new data adds rows, not fields. If, in the course of normal use, you envision your users adding new fields, something’s very wrong.) (When you’re designing tables, you have to think about how they’re going to be used. Put reusable information into separate tables. Any information that you’ll be entering multiple times is “reusable” information. Your goal in database design is to avoid entering the same data twice. Instead, find a way to reuse the data that’s already been entered. Not only does this save work, but it avoids data entry errors or discrepancies that will make it difficult to maintain a database.Īn example is a product description. You might be tempted to put that right into the orders table ( Figure 3-3), but the product descriptions don’t change, and you’ll find yourself entering the same descriptions again and again for each new order. This is a sure sign that this information belongs in a separate table ( Figure 3-4). Once you have designed your tables, creating them in Access is pretty straightforward. In table Design View, give each field a name (see “Bad Field Names,” later in this chapter). Field names must be unique within a table but can be reused in other tables. The trickier part is assigning a data type to each field. Unlike with a table in a Word document, for example, with an Access table you must specify what kind of data you intend to put in each field.
In this episode of Security Nation, Jen and Tod chat with Jack Cable, security architect at the Krebs Stamos Group, about Ransomwhere, a crowdsourced ransomware payment tracker.ĭatabases are very strict about this-and for good reason, because exercising maximum control over the classification of data is at the heart of a database’s power. They chat about how Cable came up with the idea, the role of cryptocurrency in tracking these payments, and how better data sharing can help combat the surge in ransomware attacks. Jack Cable, a security architect at Krebs Stamos Group who previously worked for the U.S.
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Stick around for our Rapid Rundown, where Tod and Jen talk about a remote code execution vulnerability that open-source forum provider Discourse experienced recently, which CISA released a notification about over the weekend.
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Jack cable krebs ransomwhere full However, while ransomware attacks continue to make headlines, it’s nearly impossible to understand their full impact, nor is it known whether taking certain decisions - such as paying the cybercriminals’ ransom. Tod highlights some of the many things Discourse is doing right with its security program. Jack Cable is a security researcher and student at Stanford University, currently working as a security architect at Krebs Stamos Group. Jack formerly served as an Election Security Technical Advisor at CISA, where he led the development and deployment of Crossfeed, a pilot to scan election assets nationwide. Jack is a top-ranked bug bounty hacker, having identified over 350 vulnerabilities in companies including Google, Facebook, Uber, Yahoo, and the US Department of Defense. After placing first in the Hack the Air Force challenge, Jack began working at the Pentagon's Defense Digital Service. Jack was named one of Time Magazine's 25 most influential teens for 2018.
At Stanford, Jack is a research assistant with the Stanford Internet Observatory and Stanford Empirical Security Research Group and launched Stanford's bug bounty program, one of the first in higher education.
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